The migration of MOAH and MOSH of packaging into the food
Abstract
MOAH and MOSH are the mineral oils present in the paper and other packaging material as well as in the printing ink. Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH) and Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH). These are contaminated food by slowly migrating into the food. Mineral oils are also a significant component of offset printing inks (approx. 20-30%) which are used in food packaging. The packaging industry has adapted to account for this, using inner bags that act as barriers. Effective barriers include: aluminium bags, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Recycled paper and board are commonly used by many companies in the food packaging industry. Printing inks oil selection is related to the desired nature of the varnish in the ink production. From mineral oils and vegetable oils can be used in offset inks. The most important vegetable inks are mainly produced from soybean and linseed oil. Particularly in the printing ink industry, pressure has been created in the last few years to replace the mineral oil in inks with vegetable oils and their derivatives.
Recycled paper and board used in food packaging materials (boxes, paper bags) often cause migration of mineral oil into food at levels which are unacceptable according to present toxicological assessments. Mineral oils (such as paraffinum liquidum or white oil), which consist of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH), are widely applied in various consumer products such as medicines and cosmetics. Contamination of food with mineral oil may occur by migration of mineral oil containing products from packaging materials, or during the food production process. Recycled paper and board are commonly used by many companies in the food packaging industry. While the re-use of paper and board is environmentally friendly, recycling heavily printed items such as newspapers, produces products with high levels of MOH and other chemicals used in the packaging process. Some glues and adhesives used in assembling food packaging boxes also contain MOHs.[3] Recycled paper and board are commonly used by many companies in the food packaging industry. While the re-use of paper and board is environmentally friendly, recycling heavily printed items such as newspapers, produces products with high levels of MOH and other chemicals used in the packaging process. Some glues and adhesives used in assembling food packaging boxes also contain MOHs. Recycled paper and board are commonly used by many companies in the food packaging industry.[2] While the re-use of paper and board is environmentally friendly, recycling heavily printed items such as newspapers, produces products with high levels of MOH and other chemicals used in the packaging process. Some glues and adhesives used in assembling food packaging boxes also contain MOHs. Printing inks basically consist of a carrier medium (such as water, solvent, or oil), colorant (pigment or dyestuff) and also a binder (resin). Print substrate and printing type are determining factors in ingredients of inks. In the production of offset lithographic printing ink, drying vegetable oil— such as linseed, and olive—and non-drying petroleum minerals at different resolutions are used. Here is the comparison of petroleum oil based ink, soya oil based ink and, linseed–soybean oil-based ink on coated and non coated surfaces.
Chapter: 2 Literature Review Theory
2.2.1 What is Moah and Mosh?
MOAH refers to mixture of unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds from mineral oils and MOSH is mixture of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are a large group of organic chemicals found ubiquitously in the environment. They are predominantly produced from crude mineral oils, but can also be generated from coal, natural gas or biomass. MOH can be transferred to food from the air, ocean environments as well as machinery used in food production. MOH vary in size and structure, comprising 10 to approximately 50 carbon atoms. They are stimulants into two main groups referred to as either saturated or aromatic hydrocarbons, herein referred to as MOSH (Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons) and MOAH (Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons), respectively. [4]
• Why are MOSH and MOAH considered contaminants?
1. MOSH and MOAH are generally not present in the original raw ingredient of food stuffs.
2. The input routes of mineral oils are varied and extend across food production stages from storage, and transportation, production, to packaging materials.
3. The main sources of MOSH and MOAH contamination are adhesives, printer inks and packaging materials, specifically those made from recycled materials
4. In production processes, mineral oils are used as lubricants for machinery and as release agents in packaging. A release agent prevents the bonding between the packaging surface and its content.
2.2.2 What are Migrations and its types?
Chemical partitioning from the packaging into the food is known as migration.
Factors which can influence MOH transfer from packaging to food
1. Shelf life of the product.
2. Climatic conditions.
3. Type of packaging used.
4. Storage time.
5. The stimulate-chemical properties of the migrant, of the packaging material, and the food (e.g. fat content)[6,8]
The types of chemicals that can migrate from packaging into food are highly diverse and depend on the type of packaging material inert materials like stainless steel, ceramic, glass, only chemicals from the inside surface, directly in contact with the foodstuff, can migrate. They transfer from the inner surface to the food by surface exchange. Chemical diffusion from within the packaging material or from the outside (printing inks, adhesives) is not possible. This inertness is due to the chemical structure, with pore sizes that are small and prevent molecules or single atoms from passing through. However, glass-packaged oily foods can be contaminated by migration of plasticizers from the closure. Migration can be reduced by careful manufacturing or the use of specially developed low migration closures. Materials, like paper and board or plastics, can be a direct source of migrants. Chemicals may also migrate from the outside through the packaging. An example is printing inks that have been shown to migrate through paper board into dry foods. The large pore size of paper-based materials permits smaller molecules to migrate from the outside to the food inside. The use of barrier materials can reduce food contamination significantly. For example, carton with an inner bag that contains the foodstuff and that is made of aluminum foil or plastics with barrier properties. To determine the extent of chemical transfer from packaging into food migrants are measured in food stimulants, not actual foodstuffs. Food stimulants are used as substitutes for food due to the simplification of chemical analysis: Chemical detection and quantification requires specific analytical methods for each chemical of interest, specially developed for each food or food stimulant type. Food stimulants vary in terms of their chemical properties, thus representing several different food types: hydrophilic (water-based), lipophilic (fatty foods) or amphiphillic (foods with both watery and fatty properties). For example, migration into an oily food is measured with the food stimulant vegetable oil. The food stimulants 10% ethanol or 3% acetic acid are used for waterbased foods and drinks. Dry foods are simulated by a synthetic polymer with defined pore size (trade name “Tenax”). Butter and other foods that are amphiphillic are simulated by 50% ethanol solution.
How do MOSH and MOAH enter into food?
Fig.1 The process of MOSH
and MOAH entry into food [7]
1]
Direct food contact with paper
Paper
packaging is not suitable for all foods. It is only suitable for dry and fat-free
and solid foods. Examples for direct contact with the paper include
free-flowing salt, rice, noodles, flour and similar foods. In principle, such
packaging systems can be shown by a two-phase model:
2]
Indirect food contact with paper
Paper packaging with appropriate coatings, e.g. to achieve the necessary wet strength or with inner bags, is used for contact with any food. Such packaging systems can, in principle, be represented by a multiphase model with at least three phases:[12]
The contamination of food with MOHs can have two main reasons. Either the foodstuff is contaminated during the production process or the packaging could have caused the contamination. There are a varied number of reasons for food contamination during production and processing. For instance, lubricating oils from machines can contaminate the harvest or jute/sisal bags can be contaminated with mineral oils. Furthermore, the EFSA indicated contamination by the use of release agents in bakery products or pesticides.
Fig.4 Food contamination Factors
Fig.5 Food contamination by secondary packaging
The toxicology of MOH depends very much on its
mixture and the substances involved. The most critical fraction is represented
by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) with three to seven rings and no or
little alkylation. These substances are genotoxic carcinogens, whereas some
highly alkylated MOAH can act as tumour promoters but are not carcinogens
themselves. Nevertheless, MOAH can accumulate in the human body and therefore
the German BfR recommends that migration of MOAH into food should not be
detectable.
MOAH are assumed to have a carcinogenic effect due
to their structural similarity to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Therefore,
it is recommended to avoid MOAH within the food sector. Fast food products such
as pizza are usually packed in paper-based packaging material. The high fat
content and high temperatures during delivery could facilitate the migration of
mineral oil compounds. The goal of this study was to determine the
concentration of MOSH and MOAH in different fast food packaging materials, as
well as to investigate migration into pizza as an exemplary fast food product.[10]
For hydrocarbons, some adverse effects were
observed. Generally to be expected according to animal testing is Pneumonitis,
effects on the central nervous system (CNS), ocular and respiratory irritation.
Short length MOSH are absorbed and stored in the body (liver, lymphatic system),
causing adverse effects.
·
MOSH:
• Low acute oral toxicity
• Represent one of the quantitatively most important
contaminations in the human body
• Not carcinogenic, although in higher doses
possibly tumor promoters
• Estimations (EFSA) for daily intake: Between 0.03
and 0.3 mg of saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) are absorbed per kg of body weight
(children higher).
• Are absorbed and can bio accumulate in humans.
MOSH of C16 to C35 may accumulate and cause microgranulomas in several tissues
including lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Absorption of alkanes with carbon
number above C35 is negligible.
·
MOAH:
• Low acute oral toxicity
• Are absorbed but do not bioaccumulate, are
extensively metabolized
• It cannot be ruled out that aromatic compounds
contained in the MOAH fraction could cause cancer or may be mutagenic.
Especially MOAH with three or more aromatic rings, non- or simple-alkylated,
therefore are of potential concern.
• Estimations (EFSA): The quantities of aromatic
hydrocarbons (MOAH) absorbed daily could be between 0.006 and 0.06 per kg of
body weight.
·
Limit Values
Status July 2017: Limit values were planned in the
frame of an update of the ordinance “Consumer Goods Ordinance”, but not yet
implemented on European or German level.
Reason:
Analytical issues.
Still an issue: Possible MOAH limit values were only planned for MOAH
originated from packaging from recycled paper. Currently there seems to be no
planned regulation for MOAH from other sources.
Chemical
issues: MOSH and MOAH
are classes of chemicals with hundreds of members which differ in their
toxicological properties and cannot be sufficiently separated and quantified by
analytical means. There is no standardized analytic procedure yet. Currently, the
analyses are carried out according to the methods of DIN EN 00275247,
compendium of BfR and Cantonal Laboratory Zurich. The procedures encompass
steps from extraction to identification by GC/HPLC, with FID detector, followed
by MS. Hence the analytics of MOSH and MOAH is a challenge due to the big
variety of substances within these substance classes. In a typical gas
chromatogram these are shown as “humps” without separation of the particular
hydrocarbons. With two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with an FID
detector the characterization can be improved. An additional task is the
separation of hydrocarbons originated from food. This can be done by
pre-separation with activated aluminium oxide or epoxidation of olefins
Fig.6 Pathway of mineral oil into food and planned
legal instruments for minimization [11]
2.1.4
Comparison between Mineral oil Based and edible oil based ink:
Printing inks basically consist of a carrier medium (such as water, solvent, or oil), colorant (pigment or dyestuff) and also a binder (resin). Print substrate and printing type are determining factors in ingredients of inks. In the production of offset lithographic printing ink, drying vegetable oil— such as linseed and olive—and non-drying petroleum minerals at different resolutions are used. In the making of offset printing ink varnish, nonvolatile oils serve as a solvent for the solid resins and bring important characteristics to the alkyd resins. Oil selection is related to the desired nature of the varnish in the ink production. Petroleum-derived mineral oils are aliphatic solvents and mainly naphthenic and paraffinic ones are used in ink. A typical sheet-fed offset lithography printing ink contains 50–70% mineral or vegetable oil as a solvent. A lot of raw materials are used in the production of printing ink and the number of these materials is increasing continuously. The most important vegetable inks are mainly produced from soybean and linseed oil. Soybean oil is generally preferred due to its compatibility with the ink system and lower price. Other vegetable oils used in ink production are utilized for their different rich compositions and features. One of the major alternatives is to use vegetable oil based products as bio-renewable raw materials. On cost grounds, these oils can compete well with the petrochemical-derived ingredients normally used to form polymers. Particularly in the printing ink industry, pressure has been created in the last few years to replace the mineral oil in inks with vegetable oils and their derivatives. Since the evaporation point is higher, the inks produced with vegetable oils have less oil, and so fewer harmful organic compound emissions. When buying food, end users of the product decide by looking at the taste, robustness for a long time, low cost, having no health risk, and being nature compatible. Although vegetable oil-based inks can be more advantageous in terms of health and environment than mineral oil-based inks, the effect of sheet-fed offset printing ink with different oil content on printability behaviors and printing quality in the print substrate has not been studied enough. The objective of this study is to determine the printability characteristics of offset printing inks containing mineral oil, soybean oil, and linseed–soybean oil. Printability evaluations on papers with specified surface properties were carried out according to the criteria of gloss contrast, light fastness water absorption of the printed ink-film, surface energy, and contact angle.
Printability
properties of the inks:
Gloss
contrast. The quality of
an ink-film can be described by optical properties such as gloss and optical
color density. These optical properties are determined by parameters relating
to the surface of the film and are influenced by the film setting. Gloss value,
which relates to quality and printability features, is directly related to the
oil in the print ink. It is known that the type and quality of oil affect the
brightness value, which is important in terms of the printability of ink. In
order to detect this effect, printing with different oil-content inks was
carried out on different papers with different surfaces. There are big differences in print gloss
depending on ink content in both paper types. On both paper types,
linseed–soybean oil-based vegetable ink gave the highest brightness value. The
lowest print gloss results were obtained from soybean oil-based inks. When mineral
oil-based ink is compared to the vegetable inks, on both paper types mid-level
brightness results were obtained. As a result, linseed oil was recorded as
increasing the brightness.[1]
Lightfastness. Change in ink color occurs over the long term when printed materials are exposed to daylight. The smaller change the better printability quality. In this study, lightfastness tests were performed according to the BWS, CIE LAB values of ink-films were measured, and ΔE values of colors were calculated before and after lightfastness tests with a spectrometer in order to determine differences in color changes between vegetable and mineral inks over the same time period. [1]
Fig.7 Print Gloss changes of different inks on
coated and uncoated papers
The smallest color change was recorded for mineral oil-based
inks on gloss-coated papers, whereas for soya based inks it was on uncoated
paper. Flotation of the ink on the surface of glossy paper is lower than for
the uncoated white paper, and in the mineral oil structure there are fewer
double bonds than in the structure of vegetable oil. Since these inks have more
molecules that will undergo oxidation over time, they form a duller surface.
This increases the difference in color changes. The least change occurred in
the mineral oil based ink, which contains the fewest double bonds. However, the
effect of oil on color changes decreased on the white paper as oil in the ink
penetrated the paper. When the oil is lower on to the paper surface, the
oxidative polymerization is low and penetration of oil is minimum. In this,
pigments are not drags into the paper. This effects lower color change. Thus,
color change on the uncoated, white paper is lower in soybean oil and higher in
mineral oil.
Volume change
In order to measure the behavior of printed ink-film
surface absorption, the sessile water droplet method was used. The volume of
the droplet and the contact angle were calculated using the algorithms
available in the measuring device. These calculations were based on the
measurements of the profile of the sessile droplet and on the assumption that
the profile of the droplet is a circle (or ellipse in some cases). Volume
changes of distilled water droplets sitting on the surface of test samples over
time provided excellent information on water absorbency properties of printed
ink-film. The paper used for offset printing should have a certain level of
absorption to give the ink good adhesion. Achieving the second consecutive
printing is also important for the adhesion of the printed ink. The level of absorption
of the printing ink should not be too high. The absorption is an important
property of the printing process. In the process printing, the speed of
absorption is determined by the time that the second color ink (e.g. magenta)
needs to penetrate into the first printed color ink film (e.g. cyan). For the
offset process this property is very important. If absorption is too slow, it
may cause staining because the ink does not dry fast enough. If absorption is
too fast, it may have a negative impact on the dry ink properties.
Fig.8 Drop changes curves on coated and un uncoated
paper
The liquid absorption of printed ink-film with
mineral oil-based inks was observed to be at the mid-point on both paper types
when compared with the other inks (Figures 2 and 3). According to the results
of this study, linseed oil printed on coated and uncoated papers resists
liquids, reducing absorption; it can be said that this should be taken into
consideration for prints on top of other inks and packaging products.
Wettability is an important property of the
substrate. In this study, the wettability was determined using an automated contact
angle with water.
Contact angle
This contact angle is an indication of the wetting
performance of liquids applied to solids. Many printing inks, oils, paraffins,
and similar products have a rather low surface tension and spreading
immediately on the surface.
Fig.9 Water drops on the same but differently prepared ink-film
Surface energy
The surface energy of paper is commonly determined
by contact angle measurement. In the
measurements carried out for ink-film surfaces printed on glossy coated papers
used in this study, it was realized that there is a relation between contact
angle, surface energy, and absorption. According to this relation, when the
contact angle is high, surface energy decreases and absorbency of the ink-film
lowers. (From Fig. 7, 9)
Fig. 10 Contact angle and surface energy of ink film on coated and uncoated paper
Conclusion is on the coated and uncoated papers,
the linseed–soybean oil-based ink-films showed the lowest absorption, while the
soybean oil-based ink-film showed the highest. When considered in terms of
overprinting or printing on surfaces that use water-based coating practices,
linseed oil is a factor in reducing the absorbency of the ink. It was
determined that vegetable inks containing linseed oil, in particular, are more
glossy than mineral oil based inks on all types of paper. From this result, it
is understood that fast-drying linseed oil is an effective factor for glossy
printing. For all paper types for which high printing brightness is expected,
inks that have a fast-drying solvent oil component such as linseed oil should
be used.[5]
2.2 Background Work
Mineral oil hydrocarbons in
food and food packaging
Author: FOOD STANDARDS
AUSTRELIA NEW-ZEALAND
Date of Publication: August
2018
MOAH and MOSH are the mineral oils present in
the paper and other packaging material as well as in the printing ink. Mineral
Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH) and Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH).
These are contaminated food by slowly migrating into the food. These are
produced from crude mineral oils, but can also be generated from coal, natural
gas or biomass as well. Mineral oils are also a significant component of offset
printing inks (approx. 20-30%) which are used in food packaging. Cold-set printing
processes are traditionally used for paperboard food packaging boxes. The inks
in the packaging dry by absorption into the fibers. Cold-set packaged products
are commonly stacked into larger containers and transported on a pallet. Given
the compact nature of the pre-market product, volatile MOH cannot easily
evaporate out from the paperboard into the air, but instead can only be
absorbed into the contents of the package. The packaging industry has adapted
to account for this, using inner bags that act as barriers. Effective barriers
include: aluminium bags, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Recycled paper and
board are commonly used by many companies in the food packaging industry. While
the re-use of paper and board is environmentally friendly, recycling heavily
printed items such as newspapers, produces products with high levels of Mineral
Oil Hydrocarbon and other chemicals used in the packaging process. Some glues
and adhesives used in assembling food packaging boxes also contain Mineral Oil
Hydrocarbons. MOAH and MOSH were detected in all food packaging samples,
however only cereals, custard powder & cake mix had an inner bag to reduce
the level of mineral oil migration. Overall, MOSH levels were generally higher
than MOAH in actual food packaging tested. The level of MOAH and MOSH is
generally higher in paperboard containing any recycled components.
Guideline for the assessment of MOSH/MOAH migration
from packaging into food with the aim of minimization
Authors: German Federation for Food Law and Food
Science (BLL) - Ludwig Gruber, Romy Fengler, Dr. Roland Franz, Dr. Frank Welle,
Prof. Dr. Heiko Briesen, Dr.-Ing.
Christoph Kirse, Philip Schmid
Date of Publication: February 2019
Chemical partitioning from the packaging into the
food is called as migration. The migration into food is temperature-dependent
and occurs in generally via evaporation and transportation in the gas phase and
get settled in the food. And also get passed due to large pore size of
paper-based materials which permits smaller molecules to migrate from the
outside to the food inside. The speed of
migration of MOSH is more as compared to MOAH. Migration limits for food in
recycled fibre containing packaging: 2 mg MOSH/kg food and 0.5 mg MOAH/kg food.
In Short contact period of packaging contaminates dry food products with long
shelf life as well as fatty foods. MOAH are assumed to have a carcinogenic
effect due to their structural similarity to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Therefore, it is recommended to avoid MOAH within the food sector. Fast food
products such as pizza are usually packed in paper-based packaging material.
The high fat content and high temperatures during delivery could facilitate the
migration of mineral oil compounds. There are some tests which check the speed
of migration. It is known that inner packaging made of paper or polyolefins on
the one hand can delay migration (lag time) but cannot prevent it. However,
films made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyamide (PA), on the other
hand, are regarded as sufficiently migration-proof barriers that can
effectively reduce or completely prevent the migration of mineral oil
hydrocarbons (MOH) which comprise mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) as
well as mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) (Ewender et al. 2013). In any
case, tight seals and undamaged films are assumed. it is not only the direct food packaging that must
be taken into consideration but also the possibility of transfer from the outer
packaging
The examination of vegetable- and mineral oil-based
inks’ effects on print quality: Green printing effects with different oils
Authors: JABFM- Cem Aydemir, Semiha Yenidoğan1, Arif
Karademir and Emine Arman Kandirmaz
Date of Publication: 2018, Vol. 16(3)
Printing inks oil selection is related to the desired nature of the varnish in the ink production. From mineral oils and vegetable oils can be used in offset inks. The most important vegetable inks are mainly produced from soybean and linseed oil. Soybean oil is generally preferred due to its compatibility with the ink system and lower price. Other vegetable oils used in ink production are utilized for their different rich compositions and features. Mineral oils present in the print substrate tend to settle rapidly, as well as causing pollution during the printing process. Mineral oil-based inks should contain some solvents for dissolving resins, as this ingredient gives lower viscosity values. By comparison, Vegetable-based inks require non-harmful solvents and do not cause operational problems in processes such as cleaning. Some water and a little solvent are enough to clean machinery after printing. The behaviors of vegetable oil and mineral oil-based inks on uncoated and coated paper surfaces were investigated. Print gloss of the printed samples was measured and a light fastness test was implemented on the samples in order to determine the resistance to fading. Absorption behavior and contact angles of the ink-printed films on the test papers were measured. On both paper types, linseed–soybean oil-based vegetable ink gave the highest brightness value. The lowest print gloss results on the paper were obtained from soybean oil-based inks. The lowest color change was recorded with mineral oil-based inks on gloss-coated papers. According to the ink-film–surface relation, when the contact angle is high, surface energy decreases and the absorbency of the ink-film is lower. The behaviors of vegetable- and mineral oil-based inks are different on different type’s paper surfaces. It also affects on printing quality. Use vegetable oil based products as bio-renewable raw materials. On cost grounds, these oils can compete well with the petrochemical-derived ingredients normally used to form polymers. Particularly in the printing ink industry, pressure has been created in the last few years to replace the mineral oil in inks with vegetable oils and their derivatives.
Chapter
3: Discussion
MOAH and MOSH are the mineral oils present in the paper and other packaging material as well as in the printing ink. Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH) and Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH). These are contaminated food by slowly migrating into the food. These are produced from crude mineral oils, but can also be generated from coal, natural gas or biomass as well. The speed of migration of MOSH is more as compared to MOAH. MOAH are assumed to have a carcinogenic effect due to their structural similarity to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid MOAH within the food sector. Fast food products such as pizza are usually packed in paper-based packaging material. The high fat content and high temperatures during delivery could facilitate the migration of mineral oil compounds. It is known that inner packaging made of paper or polyolefins on the one hand can delay migration (lag time) but cannot prevent it. In printing inks oil selection is related to the desired nature of the varnish in the ink production. From mineral oils and vegetable oils can be used in offset inks. The most important vegetable inks are mainly produced from soybean and linseed oil. Soybean oil is generally preferred due to its compatibility with the ink system and lower price. Other vegetable oils used in ink production are utilized for their different rich compositions and features. Mineral oils present in the print substrate tend to settle rapidly, as well as causing pollution during the printing process. Mineral oil-based inks should contain some solvents for dissolving resins, as this ingredient gives lower viscosity values. By comparison, Vegetable-based inks require non-harmful solvents and do not cause operational problems in processes such as cleaning. Some water and a little solvent are enough to clean machinery after printing. The behaviors of vegetable oil and mineral oil-based inks on uncoated and coated paper surfaces were investigated.
Chapter
4: Conclusion
Moah and Mosh are the hydrocarbons present in the packaging i.e. in the printing ink. It is a process which contaminates food slowly. Speed of migration is depends on temperature, environmental conditions. It comes in recycled paper due to newspapers or heavily printed materials. Moah is carcinogenic in nature. Hence we should have to avoid it. The substitute for mineral oil is using edible oil based inks. We can use soya oil / linseed oil as substitute for it. By comparing mineral oil based ink and edible oil based ink it gives, Print gloss of the printed samples was measured and a light fastness test was implemented on the samples in order to determine the resistance to fading. Absorption behavior and contact angles of the ink-printed films on the test papers were measured. On both paper types, linseed–soybean oil-based vegetable ink gave the highest brightness value. The lowest print gloss results on the paper were obtained from soybean oil-based inks. The lowest color change was recorded with mineral oil-based inks on gloss-coated papers. According to the ink-film–surface relation, when the contact angle is high, surface energy decreases and the absorbency of the ink-film is lower. The behaviors of vegetable- and mineral oil-based inks are different on different type’s paper surfaces. It also affects on printing quality.
Chapter
4: Bibliography
1. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2280800018764761
Use of variable edible oil in printing
ink to stop migration of mineral oils from package to food for literature paper
2. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00217-010-1223-9
Recycled paper and board used in food packaging materials
3. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1177390118777757
Mineral oils (such as paraffinum liquidum or white oil), which consist
of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic
hydrocarbons (MOAH)
4. Ifp-
Institut for produktqualitat Mineral oil
hydrocarbon Moah/mosh
5.
JABFM- Cem Aydemir,
Semiha Yenidoğan1, Arif Karademir and Emine Arman Kandirmaz The examination of vegetable- and mineral
oil-based inks’ effects on print quality: Green printing effects with different
oils 2018, Vol. 16(3)
6. FOOD
STANDARDS AUSTRELIA NEW-ZEALAND Mineral
oil hydrocarbons in food and food packaging August 2018
7. Golden
Agri Resources (GAR) Ltd. Facts sheet
8. https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/food-packaging health/migration#:~:text=The%20transfer%20of%20chemical%20contaminants,source%20of%20chemical%20food%20contamination.&text=Chemical%20partitioning%20from%20the%20packaging%20into%20the%20food%20is%20known%20as%20migration FOOD PACKAGING & HEALTHMigration
9. https://www.printweek.in/whatpackaging/a-technical-knowhow-on-mineral-oils-in-food-54448 A technical knowhow on mineral oils in food
10. R.Frengler Fraunhofer-Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung (IVV), Freising; romy.fengler@ivv.fraunhofer.de May 2017 Mineral oil in migration does recycled packaging contaminates fast food?
11. EPEA Internationale Umweltforschung GmbH 2018 EPEA-Factsheet on MOSH / MOAH
12. German Federation for Food Law and Food Science (BLL) - Ludwig Gruber, Romy Fengler, Dr. Roland Franz, Dr. Frank Welle, Prof. Dr. Heiko Briesen, Dr.-Ing. Christoph Kirse, Philip Schmid - February 2019 Guideline for the assessment of MOSH/MOAH migration from packaging into food with the aim of minimization-
Comments
Post a Comment